Small Business Idea Paper Essay Sample free essay sample

A concern can make big amounts of income for an enterpriser or enterprisers. Most future concern proprietors have an thought of what type of service or merchandise to offer. Deciding the type of concern organisation to go can be a tough determination. Whether the it be a exclusive proprietary. partnership. C- Corporation. S- Corporation. or a Limited Liability Corporation. there will be many factors to take into consideration. It is of import to be educated or familiar with each concern organisation along with deductions and benefits. The ground why the proper concern organisation is of import is because. as an enterpriser picking the right concern organisation for the concern he or she wants to prosecute could be difference between success and failure. Sole Owner A exclusive owner is a concern owned by one individual. It is the easiest to organize of the concern signifiers. An advantage of a exclusive proprietary is an single owner owns and manages the concern and is responsible for all concern minutess. We will write a custom essay sample on Small Business Idea Paper Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This can besides be a disadvantage. because one individual is responsible for the success of their concern. Tax Deductions Harmonizing to Entreprenuer. com ( 2005 ) .Because a exclusive proprietary is identical from its proprietor. exclusive proprietary revenue enhancement is rather simple. The income earned by a exclusive proprietary is income earned by its proprietor. A exclusive owner reports the exclusive proprietorship income and/or losingss and disbursals by make fulling out and registering a Schedule C. along with the standard Form 1040. Your net incomes and losingss are foremost recorded on a revenue enhancement signifier called Schedule C. which is filed along with your 1040. Then the â€Å"bottom-line amount† from Schedule C is transferred to your personal revenue enhancement return. This facet is attractive because concern losingss you suffer may countervail income earned from other beginnings. As a exclusive owner. you must besides register a Schedule SE with Form 1040. You use Schedule SE to cipher how much self-employment revenue enhancement you owe. You need non pay unemployment revenue enhancement on yourself. although you must pay unemployment revenue enhancement on any employees of the concern ( parity. 3-4 ) . Legal Deductions Exclusive owners are responsible for debts and cases. This illustration from enterpriser. com ( 2005 ) explains it best. For illustration. presume that a exclusive owner borrows money to run but the concern loses its major client. goes out of concern. and is unable to refund the loan. The exclusive owner is apt for the sum of the loan. which can potentially devour most of the proprietor personal assets ( parity. 6 ) . Fiscal Statement AssociationsSole proprietary is associated with all fiscal statements including the balance sheet. income statement. hard currency flow statement. and the stockholders statement ( Banks. 2012 ) . PartnershipA partnership is a concern owned by more than one individual. There like the exclusive proprietary the advantages can besides be the disadvantages. An advantage of a partnership is the chance of holding multiple persons fund the concern. Because there are multiple persons willing to fund the concern. those persons besides have a say so in what thoughts and schemes to implement. This could present hence. be a disadvantage of a partnership. Unlike the exclusive proprietary. a partnership involves multiple persons having a piece of the concern. Along with shared thoughts. besides comes shared net income. Legal Deductions Legally all spouses that are listed as proprietors are lawfully responsible for a cases or debts. Harmonizing to Richard Einerhann of Amaziness. com ( 2010 )Unless a partnership understanding provinces otherwise. the spouses portion concern net incomes and losingss every bit. and each general spouse has an equal right to take part in direction and control of the concern ( parity. 2 ) . Tax DeductionsHarmonizing to William Perez ( 2009 ) of approximately. com.partnerships and Limited Liability Companies are taxed at the stockholder degree. The IRS has non demanded that partnerships pay a sensible wage to pull offing stockholders. General spouses in a partnership are considered freelance. and their portion of net incomes are capable to the self-employment revenue enhancement. Limited spouses. nevertheless. pay self-employment revenue enhancement merely on guaranteed payments for services rendered to the partnership. Every partnership must hold at least one General Partner ( parity. 6 ) . Fiscal Statement Associations The fiscal statements that are associated with a partnership are the income statement. balance sheet. and proprietors equity ( Roberts. 2012 ) . C CorporationA C Corporation and an S Corporation are really similar. A difference between the two is Hundred Corporations are taxed separate from the proprietors. Harmonizing toreferenceforbusiness. com ( 2012 ) â€Å"when you or I start a concern it automatically becomes a C Corporation. The article reads the most basic feature of the corporation is it is lawfully viewed as an single entity. separate from its proprietors. who are now stockholders ( Encyclopedia of Business. 2012 ) . † An advantage of the C Corporation harmonizing to referenceforbusiness. com ( 2012 ) is. the fact the C Corporations stockholders are apt up to the sum they have invested in the corporation. The personal assets of stockholders can non be touched. Rather than buy expensive liability insurance. so. many little concern proprietors choose to integrate to protect themselves. A disadvantage of the C Corporation is. after they deduct all concern disbursals. such as wages. periphery benefits. and involvement payments. C corporations pay a revenue enhancement on their net incomes at the corporate degree. If any of those net incomes are so distributed as dividends to the stockholders. those persons must besides pay a revenue enhancement on the money when they file their personal revenue enhancement returns. Referenceforbusiness. com besides indicates a disadvantage of C Corporation is. corporations are governed by province and federal legislative acts. which means that they have to stay by sometimes intricate corporate Torahs ( Encyclopedia of Business. 2012 ) . Tax deductions Allbusiness. com provinces â€Å"a C Corporation is a legal entity that exists individually from its proprietors and is taxed as a separate entity. As a consequence. C corporations are capable to dual revenue enhancement ( â€Å"Tax Deductions Of C Corporation† . 2012 ) . † LegalStartup Legal indicates. â€Å"a C Corporation is the standard issue corporation. Its net incomes are taxed both at the corporate and single degree. it must follow with the greatest figure of formalities. and it has no bound on the figure of stockholders ( Startup Legal. 2003 ) . † S Corporation Harmonizing to BizFilings. com ( 2012. An S corporation is created through registering Articles of Incorporation with the Secretary of State or similar authorities organic structure. It issues stock and is governed as a corporation. The proprietors. who are called stockholders. have the same protection from liability as stockholders of a C corporation. An S Corporation shareholder’s personal assets. such as personal bank histories. can non be seized to fulfill concern liabilities ( parity. 1 ) . BizFilings indicates â€Å"an advantage of an S corporation frequently outweigh any sensed disadvantages. The S corporation construction can be particularly good when it comes clip to reassign ownership or stop the concern ( BizFilings. 2012 ) . † Some of the disadvantages of an S Corporation harmonizing to BizFilings is. the formation and on-going disbursals of an S Corporation is a disadvantage. To run as an S Corporation. concern proprietors must register an Articles of Incor poration. Stock ownership limitations apply to S Corporations. An S Corporation can hold merely one category of stock. although it can hold both vote and non-voting portions ( BizFilings. 2012 ) . † TaxWilliam Perez ( 2009 ) indicates.Because S Corporations can be owned by a individual individual the IRS expects S-Corporations to pay a sensible wage to the pull offing stockholder in add-on to a net income distribution. The proprietor is inclined to pay himself more as net incomes and less as wage in order to minimise the paysheet revenue enhancements that are due on salary ( parity. 6 ) . LegalHarmonizing to legal-dictionary. com ( 2012 ) .An S corporation must conform to a state’s Torahs that specify how a corporation must be formed. At lower limit. articles of incorporation must be filed with the Secretary of State. An S corporation must besides register a particular signifier with federal and province revenue enhancement authorization that notifies them of the election of the subchapter S position ( parity. 2 ) . Fiscal StatementsIncome statements are associated with S Corporations. Harmonizing to William Perez ( 2012 ) â€Å"income and disbursals are reported at the corporate degree. and the nature of assorted types of income and disbursal are identified at the corporate degree every bit good ( Perez. 2012 ) . † Shareholder equity statement and hard currency flow statements are besides associated with S Corporation ( Perez. 2012 ) . LLC A Limited Liability Corporation is a corporation that limits liability for its proprietors. Harmonizing to the U. S. Small Business Administration ( 2012 ) â€Å"A limited liability company is a intercrossed type of legal construction that provides the limited liability characteristics of a corporation and the revenue enhancement efficiencies and operational flexibleness of a partnership. The proprietors of an Limited Liability Corporation are referred to as members ( U. S. Small Business Administration. 2012 ) . † Some advantages of this type of organisation are the operational easiness and the easiness of net income sharing. Members and distribute net incomes as they see fit. Some disadvantages of this type of organisation is a batch of times when one member of the organisation leaves. the other members are left with that individuals debt to pay. Besides members of a Limited Liability Corporation are considered freelance and must pay the self-employment revenue enhancement p arts towards Medicare and Social Security ( U. S. Small Business Administration. 2012 ) . TaxHarmonizing to Tiare Rath ( 2012 )The revenue enhancement deductions of a Limited Liability Corporation differ from those of corporations. Limited Liability Corporation’s use â€Å"pass-through revenue enhancement. † which means the Limited Liability Corporation does non pay revenue enhancements. Income from the concern is alternatively passed down to the company’s proprietors. who are called members in Limited Liability Corporation’s. They claim the net incomes or losingss on their personal revenue enhancement signifiers. Single-owner of Limited Liability Corporation’s wage revenue enhancements on Form1040 with the Internal Revenue Service. Partnership Limited Liability Corporation. in which there is more than one proprietor. must register partnership returns utilizing Form 1065 ( parity. 4 ) . The revenue enhancement deductions of an LLC are non as good when it comes to losingss. You may non be able to subtract all losingss for your concern bec ause you have chosen to restrict your personal liability in the company ( para 8 ) Legal Miranda Morley ( 2012 ) indicates.One of the major grounds concern proprietors make their companies Limited Liability Corporations alternatively of another type of concern is that personal liability is limited in Limited Liability Corporations. In other words. if a Limited Liability Corporation is sued. the debitor can take the concern assets but non the personal assets of the proprietors. including their places and autos. However. an owner’s personal assets are non ever protected in a Limited Liability Corporation ( Para 2 ) . Fiscal statements Limited Liability Corporation balance sheet and income statements are the dominate statements used by Limited Liability Corporations. Some proprietors would wish to maintain stockholders happy with informed and in depth fiscal statements ( Kaufman. 2008 ) . Sarbanes- OxleySarbanes Oxley and other governmental bureaus are at that place to forestall proprietors from stealing money from the organisation. Those governmental bureaus are at that place to assist modulate the concern organisations The services that Door Hangers and More provide is direct to the door advertisement. Door Hangers and More is an alternate to direct mail. Door Hangers and More is a door to door company where grownup squads or crews deliver printed publicizing stuff straight to possible clients. Door Hangers and More has many advertisement merchandises. Door Hangers and More has a direct mail plan that mails client advertisement to possible clients near the client location. Door Hangers and More has an advertisement magazine that is besides mailed all throughout the metropolis and environing countries. but zoned to better suit clients with merely one location. Door Hangers and More has a hoggish back plan that allows more than one client travel on possible client doors at the same clip. This reduces cost for both clients and allows clients that own more than one concern to publicize with the other. Materials and labour needed for Door Hangers and More are minimum. A on the job vehicle and a crew of independent contractors will be plenty to administer advertisement stuff for clients. Computers and other office supplies. gas. phone. and auto care are things taken into consideration when holding this a low cost organisation. Other than a topographic point to hive away advertisement stuff. an office is non needed. Door Hangers and More can be operated in a room in a place. Door Hangers and More will be ran as exclusive proprietary. Research indicates that Door Hangers and More would outdo benefit if operated as a exclusive proprietary. Based on the research. financially a exclusive proprietary makes the most logical sense. This concern has a low start-up cost. so no partnership or stockholders needed. This concern is besides cheap to keep. Owning a concern under the concern organisation of a exclusive owner means that there will be no net income sharing. Based on the research. lawfully debts can be resolved by creditors devouring personal assets. but having a low cost concern. such as this. hazard are low. The many revenue enhancement write-downs received with being a exclusive owner will countervail any deficiency of income the concern may or may non endure from. Business organisations are an of import ingredient to any successful organisation. Potential concern proprietors should educate the mselves about the different concern organisations. Choosing the correct concern organisation is important and can be more hard than taking an industry to come in. When make up ones minding on a concern organisation a concern proprietor should be certain it fits every facet of how he or she wants to run their concern. Mentions Banks. Ivana. ( 2010 ) . Tips on Fixing a General Partnership Financial Statement. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. brighthub. com/office/entrepreneurs/articles/97557. aspx The Basics Of Sole Proprietorship. ( 2005 ) . Retrieved fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www. enterpriser. com/article/77798 # BizFilings. ( 2012 ) . S Corporation Advantages And Disadvantages. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bizfilings. com/learn/s-corporation-advantages-and-disadvantages. aspx Encyclopedia of Business. ( 2012 ) . C Corporation. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. referenceforbusiness. com/small/Bo-Co/C-Corporation. hypertext markup language Einerhann. R. ( 2010 ) . What are the legal deductions of a partnership? . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. amazines. com/Law/article_detail. cfm/2206579? articleid=2206579 The Free Dicitonary. ( 2012 ) . S Corporation. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //legal- lexicon. thefreedictionary. com/S+Corporation Kaufman. N. ( 2008 ) . What sort of fiscal studies are minimally required of an LLC. and how frequently should they be made available to the spouses? . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. enterpriser. com/answer/221503 Morley. M. ( 2012 ) . What Are Some Legal or Ethical Issues You Face as an LLC? . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //smallbusiness. chron. com/legal-ethical-issues-face-llc-18654. hypertext markup language Perez. W. ( 2009 ) . Integrating Your Business. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //taxes. about. com/od/taxplanning/a/incorporating_3. htm Perez. W. ( 2012 ) . S-Corporation Accounting. Retrieved fromhypertext transfer protocol: //taxes. about. com/od/scorporations/a/scorp_account. htm Rath. T. ( 2012 ) . See the Tax Implications of an LLC Before You Create One. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //sbinformation. about. com/od/ownership1/a/llctax. htm Roberts. S. ( 2012 ) . Fiscal Statements of a Sole Proprietorship. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //smallbusiness. chron. com/financial-statements-sole-proprietorship-14717. hypertext markup language Startup Legal. ( 2003 ) . C Corporation. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. startup-legal. com/C- Corporation- ( C-Corp ) . htm Tax Implications of C Corporation. ( 2012 ) . Retrieved fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www. allbusiness. com/accounting-reporting/corporate-taxes/1148-1. html # axzz2FqoLkAcT U. S. Small Buisness Administration. ( 2012 ) . Limited Liability Company. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Small Business Administration. gov/content/limited-liability-company-llc

kids essays

kids essays I have to admit, when first told of our out of class assignment to work with the kids from Cambridge; I thought it was just something to do in my spare time. I figured I could spare enough time to get to know the kids while participating in outside activities. However, now with the required time we have to spend over at Cambridge almost finished, I find myself thinking that I would like to continue to work with and visit the children even after our time is up. As President Roosevelt said once, Far and away the best prize that life has to offer is the chance to work hard at work worth doing." I have seen these kids progress tremendously since the first day of my involvement, and I cannot help but feel that I had a little to do with it. I am willing to spend a little more of my spare time, if that means that at least one kid turns out to be a better person because of it. It is then that I will feel truly satisfied with my involvement with the kids from Cambridge. How do poor parents cope? Many poor families cut back on food, which interferes with kids' development and can create health problems for everyone in the house hold. Many rent substandard housing, do without health insurance, and are forced to settle for poor quality child care. Poverty is tough on children. When it's cold in the house and there's not much to eat, kids get sick more often and can do worse in school. This affects their long-term health and future job prospects. Family stress increases and so can emotional and physical abuse. When parents work and still can't pay for their family's basic needs, society is saying to children: it doesn't make sense to play by the rules. This is not a good message for kids to grow up with. This is the world these kids at Cambridge live with. I do not know what it is about these kids that make them different from other children I have worked with. Perhaps it is their circumstances. Love is a state...

Causes for World War 1 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causes for World War 1 - Term Paper Example Accordingly, the increased tensions led to the formation of alliances such as the Triple alliance (1882) that was formed among Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany for the sole purposes of defending each other in case of attacks. In response, Britain, Russia and France formed the Triple Entente alliance (1907) thus encircling Germany and Austria-Hungary. In addition, Germany started competing with Britain in building modern battleships and with Russia and France in terms of expansion of the armies (Duiker and Spielvogel 666). One of the long range immediate causes of WWI was imperialism since European countries had divided Asia and African countries in to territories with the aim of strengthening their economic and political influence in European continent. Such countries believe that they could be superior by conquering the others. Britain conquered Africa from north in Cairo while France tried to conquer Africa from the Western Atlantic Sea. The two countries almost went in to War af ter meeting at Fashoda in Sudan thus prompting Germany to demand a share of colonies too. Austria desired to dominate Balkans in order to control Serbia propaganda and German supported Austria in exploiting rich resources of Asia Minor through Balkans policy (Duiker and Spielvogel 667). ... Nationalism led races ruled by Turkey such as Bulgarians and races ruled by Austria-Hungary such as Serbs to demand their won freedom. Nationalism led to disintegration of Austria-Hungary but subsequently resulted to unification of Germany and Italy. Nationalism weakened the existing empires such as Ottoman Empire and Slavic people in Balkan region started demanding for freedom from the authoritarian Ottoman control. Serbia finally declared its independence and allied itself with Russia thus increasing the tensions with Austria-Hungary (Duiker and Spielvogel 661). Another long range immediate cause of the War was increased militarism by the main powers. The countries perceived war as a means of entrenching foreign policy and started building large armies and battleships. For instance, Germany had 2,200,000 soldiers and about 100 warships in 1914 while Great Britain had about 711,000 soldiers and about 200 warships. Other countries like Austria-Hungary, France, Italy and Russia starte d strengthening their military in preparedness of any eventuality (Duiker and Spielvogel 668). Another factor that can be attributed to the War was alliances that were formed between nations in order to protect the territories and ensure economic stability of the alliance members. Germany kept close ties with Russia in 1894 while Britain entered in to a friendly relationship with France in 1904. In 1907, Britain entered in to Triple Entente alliance that comprised Russia, Great Britain and France. In addition, Britain had a naval alliance with Japan that had been formed in 1902. The Triple Entente threatened the superiority of Germany thus leading to aggressive military posturing against the neighboring countries (Duiker and Spielvogel 665). The assassination of

Starbucks Issues and Solutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Starbucks Issues and Solutions - Essay Example Certain solutions for resolving the ethical dilemma of becoming a curator of popular culture for Starbuck’s are presented here. First are the alleged financial links to the Israeli government. The strategies used by boycott organizers to generate awareness for their campaign and to manage media usage to target desired audiences are also discussed (Knudsen, K., Aggarwal & P. Maamoun, A. 2008). Starbucks was targeted because of its CEO’s comments on Israel-Palestinian conflict issue. Starbucks was the prime target of an Arab boycott after remarks CEO Howard Shultz made in Seattle. Boycott strategies have been classified into three domains: awareness, media, and targeting. Many people have begun to regard Starbucks’ corporate image as snooty. Customers are of diverse ethnic, income and age groups (Cherian, C., Dasgupta, N. & Doreswamy, A. G., 2007). Starbucks has learned to embrace the diversity and provide better customer service. Every campaign is approved through a panel about potential issues the adjusted based on its recommendations. The best course of action is a method of strategic cooperation (Mahapatra, S. & Saklani, A., 2007). Three things can trigger boycott calls: government actions, corporate actions, and individual actions. Starbucks should respond to rumors, distance itself from controversial issues, making charitable contributions, emphasize local connections, demonstrate the impact on the local economy, localize the marketing mix and influence government actions.

David Fletcher Case Essay Example for Free

David Fletcher Case Essay Jenkins, Fletcher Partners (JFP) has the potential to thrive and succeed in the financial service industry with stimulated, productive, and satisfied employees. However, there are small and large issues to be addressed in order to carry that in action. In this specific case analysis, we analyze the issues hindering JFP from further development, and suggest respective and appropriate suggestions to resolve those problems. First, a thorough evaluation of JFP shed light on a number of issues: The inconsistency with JFP’s differentiated and key organizational structure: wide, flat, informal structure for quick decisions. Struggles for autonomy within the company and the pending decision to hire a new research analyst. Anti-cohesiveness and lack of appropriate human resource management. Low team productivity and insufficient and inaccurate incentives within the work teams Although these issues present obstacles for further growth and potential of the firm, JFP is able to resolve these issues and consequently differentiate itself from its competitors in the industry with the following suggested resolutions: Further emphasize the informal and quick information sharing in between all the employees. Convince Stephanie to remain with the firm with a larger responsibility to enhance the structure under the assumption that her requirements are met. Hire Robinson based on her qualifications and acceptance by current JFP employees, and develop further evaluation of Fiske’s. Maintain a balance of young and senior analysts to achieve a productive and conducive learning environment. Implement regular and functional meetings at which every employee has an input. Develop performance management instead of performance reviews. Maintain the organizational restructures through work team productivity and implementation of appropriate incentivizing system. With these critical resolutions, JFP will become the unique, successful, and differentiated financial service firm that the founders originally dreamed of. One of the points of differentiation that JFP has from other financial service firms on Wall Street is its unique structure of small, flat, and wide for effective and efficient communication and decision making process. But Fletcher made a mistake to contradict that very principle of JFP. By not communicating with Stephanie and other salient members of the firm with regard to hiring process of Doyle, David Fletcher put more workload on himself, slowed the  decision making process, and disregarded other employees’ opinions and thoughts on Doyle, and practically created the silo effect. Fletcher explains, â€Å"I figured that Stephanie would do the health care and environmental stocks as well as the retail stocks while Brian would focus on his specialty, high-tech†, as he reveals his own â€Å"thought process† without the actual confirmation from Stephanie. Furthermore, Fletcher admits, â€Å"hiring Brian wasn’t coming from her pocket, it was coming from mine†, and demonstrates the contradiction to shared ideas and smooth flow of information he so desperately pursued himself. The employees at JFP are meant to communicate and share information with each other fluidly without any excluded members. However, Fletcher contradicted the ideal environment he desired to create by not communicating with Stephanie throughout the hiring process of Brian Doyle and thus deteriorated the structure he wanted. Although a desire for autonomy and greater success are contributing factors in Stephanie wanting to leave the firm, this significant incident has l ed to her feeling alienated and secluded from Fletcher and the work they used to do together. Another issue that Fletcher faces, looking forward, is whether or not to hire Fiske and/or Robinson. As previously mentioned, Fletcher makes the hiring process ineffective and inconsistent. When hiring Kindred, Fletcher learned from the conflict that had already risen between Doyle and Whitney, and makes sure to receive feedback from Whitney and other employees before moving forward with Kindred. Fletcher also maintains an incredibly packed schedule and the hiring process is overly crucial and overwhelming for him to do by himself. Moreover, because of his overwhelming schedule, Fletcher cannot possibly to train all the new hires on how evaluate stocks and consider the investment strategy. On a greater scale, throughout JFP there is an extreme lack of group cohesiveness and issues with conflict management. Members of the company compete to achieve the identical goal to become portfolio managers. Members of JFP have a power struggle to achieve their own individual goals; consequently, pay compensation directly associates with individual accomplishments. The very structure of Wall Street that Lodge dislikes includes silos with high departmentalization, and members with their own agendas. JFP requires a group cohesion for an effective decision making, yet the firm rewards for self-fulfilling achievements. Therefore, presented is a â€Å"Rewarding A while hoping for B†Ã‚  issue. Also, a clear relationship conflict versus task conflict is evident. There are personal and social disagreements that hinder employees to expend effort and resource on discussing vital company tasks and objectives. There are also many interpersonal and organizational conflicts that arise through peripheral transactions within JFP. One simple example includes Stephanie’s concern about where her desk is located. And yet, there are no company procedures to address and resolve these conflicts in a systematic way. Another example is lack of employees’ input about new hires. Unrest and social disturbances are within an organization present obstacles for employees to work efficiently and to be creative which affects their performance and in turn JFP’s success. The final issue to be address is JFP’s lack of effectiveness in work teams and motivation on both the individual and group le vels. More attention can increase productivity and motivation according to the Hawthorne Effect. Fletcher’s decreased attention toward Stephanie, demonstrated in Doyle’s hiring process, reduces her motivation and attachment to the firm and develops negative feelings about Doyle. Because Doyle and Stephanie have relationship conflicts, they cannot properly address task, including feedbacks for investment choices, which leads to decreased productivity and creativity within the firm. When Stephanie finds personal fulfillment and interest in her work, intrinsic motivation, Doyle’s hiring process situation diminishes it significantly. Because she is less secure and satisfied, Whitney is less motivated, which falls in line with Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene theory: hygiene factors, including security and working conditions, â€Å"operate primarily as de-motivators if they are insufficient† (175). Stephanie also has extrinsic motivation—Fletcher’s attention, praise, and guidance—which increases her intrinsic motivation as well as job satisfaction and a sense of purpose at JFP. Whitney’s lower job satisfaction results in a poor job performance and her attachment to JFP. In order to better achieve the wide, flat structu re for efficient and effective decision making, Fletcher should attempt to keep Stephanie Whitney with the firm because she has already gained expertise within the industry, and training and molding another new employee in place of Whitney bears immense opportunity cost for the culture and productivity of the firm. Additionally, Whitney has consistently performed at a high level, and the success she’s attained transitioning from  an administrative assistant to a portfolio manager can be leveraged as an effective tool to inspire others to work. Since Whitney has expressed a desire to leave, Fletcher needs to intrinsically and extrinsically motivate her to. In order to keep Stephanie motivated at JFP, Fletcher should have Stephanie with a team of her to delve into an industry that she is curious and enthusiastic about, so long as that industry has an investment potential for the firm. Since monetary incentives can be sufficiently satisfied with firms other than JFP, Stephanie needs to have the extrinsic motivator of autonomy. This reward for staying would be unprecedented in a firm where most decisions come down to David, and would be an indication that she is incredibly valued and essential to the organization. Permitting Stephanie to recruit her own team will also serve to widen the st ructure of the firm and delegate more tasks. Fletcher also needs to highlight the tie that they have shared in the past, apologize for not being transparent with her completely, and express respect towards her career development. Despite the possibility that Whitney will decide to pursue other opportunities, Fletcher needs to convince her to stay because of her credibility and the value lost from the firm’s perspective. There is an argument to be made that Whitney was at the root of personal issues in the past, but Whitney’s conflict was task-oriented, not personal. Her disagreement with many of Doyle’s investment strategies causes problems when Fletcher failed to address her concerns. In the end, Whitney ends up being right about Doyle, and it is not to be understated that she gets along very well with everyone else in the organization. Building a strong culture is a key for JFP in hiring new employees. Whitney, who already gets along with Robinson, can help to develop the environment in which portfolio managers work creatively and get along on a personal level as well. By treating Whitney as more of a thought partner than protege, Fletcher should keep Whitney for the benefit of JFP. As Kindred’s case reflect, new hires are more effective in their roles in hiring them. Therefore, the hiring process should be structured in a way that all existing employees get to meet the candidate before the decision is made. Organization’s small scale will allow such procedure that will result in more effective hiring process. More attention should also be paid to the current employees, not only to ensure new employees’ transition, but also to deal with the hiring process more  effectively. Whitney’s insistence upon leaving can be circumvented entirely had Fletcher heeded her concerns and addressed the issue earlier. JFP should also aim to balance between experienced and new hires, and encourage the experienced portfolio managers to act as mentors. Fletcher cannot possibly serve as a mentor for everyone; but forging mentor/mentee roles amongst the portfolio managers will lead to more cohesiveness in the organization, experienced employees leading by example and contribute to the flat structure of the organization with reduced risk of employees’ uneasiness. Fletcher has already taken a step in the right direction by seeking the approval of other employees for hiring Robinson, but needs to continue with evaluating Fiske. Moreover, JFP should feel confident about hiring Robinson because the other employees think highly of her and Robinson offers a unique background and valuable expertise. Despite Fiske’s experience, his ability to collaborate with his colleagues is the critical point to evaluate in the hiring decision. And thus Fletcher must turn to the rest of JFP for advice. In terms of cohesiveness and people management, JFP should implement work teams to emphasize the outcome is greater than the sum of individual ’s effort. Also, work groups can be particularly utilized in the new research analyst candidates’ environment because their primary task is to share information. Cohesiveness can be developed by rewarding employees as groups, increasing the time that employees spend with each other, stimulating competition amongst groups, benchmarking JFP’s performance to that of a competitor firm, and by increasing the exclusivity. Furthermore, JFP requires regular meetings at which everyone is involved and present to facilitate increasing the time employees spend together and resolving conflicts within the organization. Group successes and failures can be discussed and evaluated. In order to successfully restructure JRP, performance management is essential because it is another method for conflict resolution. Performance management will also bring a continuous flow of feedback so the employee can adjust his or her performance. An increase in employee satisfaction within the workplace will follow. Additionally, the Hawthorn Study states that non-financial incentives are more effective than financial incentives; also, attention from leaders has been pr oven to be 63% effective, praise from managers 67% effective, opportunities to lead projects 62% effective. â€Å"†¦(P)eople will  feel competent if they obtain feedback that indicates progress in their work or suggests ways that can increase their competence†. (176) The delegation of autonomy within JFP can also be addressed because autonomy is easily assessed and provided to employees if management constantly evaluates employee’s performance. Lastly, Fletcher needs to address work team productivity and motivation within JFP. As an example, Stephanie demonstrates enjoyment and a sense of fulfillment in her job, and Fletcher needs to develop these motivations further. He also needs to ensure a good team dynamic. Intrinsic motivation is conducive to creativity and result in more unique, productive and creative analysts. According to â€Å"scientific management†, extrinsic motivation is strictly positive; however managers often create undesired behaviors in their employees by utilizing this incorrect statement. (181) Therefore, Fletcher has to give critical feedback and attention to his analysts to provide them with some continuing extrinsic motivation. In addition, Fletcher should foster an environment in which analysts develop enjoyment and attachment, that will contribute to intrinsic motivation as well. Hackman and Oldham’s model of job enrichment (1976) suggests different ways to increase employee motivation. For example, task identity, task significance, and feedback are a number of them. Developing task identity means to increase an analyst’s sense of meaningfulness in one’s work and growing task significance means to increase the sense of importance of their work. Additionally, ongoing feedback will also contribute positively to the analysts’ motivation. Fletcher should focus on these methods, as well as an appealing work environment and good group dynamic, to increase his analysts’ motivation. With these constructive resolutions—further consolidating the unique organizational structure, effectively recruiting new employees, critically addressing conflicts and cohesiveness within the group, and appropriately maintaining the balance of motivation—JFP is assured to thrive as a differentiated, outperforming, and attractive financial service firm.

Macbeth - A Tragic Hero :: essays research papers

William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, written in the 1600’s is a perfect example of Shakespeare’s ability to manipulate his audience through creating a tragic hero. A tragic hero who, because of a flaw, tumbles from a well-respected hero to a cowardless murderer. It is through Shakespeare’s manipulation of figurative language, dramatic conventions and social expectations of the seventeenth century, do the audience witness the demise of this mixed up man. Macbeth’s persona of the tragic hero is enhanced even more when the characters around him influence his decisions, creating mayhem inside his mind and disorder throughout Scotland. Shakespeare positions his audience to respond to the central theme: the struggle between good and evil, by illustrating to the audience his weaknesses, which through the guidance of the supernatural, leads to murder and mayhem and eventually madness. It is this influence of the supernatural that leads to Macbeth’s t ragic persona and in turn his physical and mental destruction. Shakespeare utilises these techniques to embody in Macbeth characteristics indicative of that of a seventeenth century tragic hero. Aristotle described the Greek image of the tragic hero as one who takes: part in a fictional account of a set of events that is serious, complete and of a certain magnitude.† (The Poetics) Macbeth conforms to the image of the tragic hero by possessing a flaw and dying because if it. His flaw of being led too easily is evident through the actions of characters who influence Macbeth. Macbeth is involved in a story intertwined with evil, disorder, conflict and failure; all resulting finally in his death. Part of being a tragic hero is possessing a flaw. A flaw which will inevitably lead to self-destruction; the fall of the tragic hero. In the play, the central protagonist Macbeth, is confronted with the supernatural and the prophesy of becoming king. He cannot help but want this position, as this flaw also includes his weakness through over ambition. It is generally said that those possessing a flaw will die. The first Thane of Cawdor was a traitor, Duncan was too trusting, Banquo did not act on the knowledge he had about Macbeth’s murders, Lady Macbeth helped plot the murder of Duncan, and Macbeth destroyed the natural order and harmony of the time. All of these d eaths are a result of Macbeth’s over ambition to become king, fuelled by the prophecies of the evil witches. Like Macbeth, a tragic hero has choices, a conscience of right from wrong and in the end must die, because to live would create mayhem and a feeling that his actions were justified.

Immanuel Kant 1724-1804 Essay

Immanuel Kant was born on April 22, 1724 in Konigsberg, East Prussia. He was the son of a saddler. At age 8, he entered the Collegium Fredericianum, a Latin school, where he remained for 8 1/2 years and studied the classics. He then entered the University of Konigsberg in 1740 to study philosophy, mathematics, and physics. The death of his father halted his university career so he became a private tutor. In 1755, he returned to Konigsburg where he later resumed his studies. In 1756, he received a degree and was made a lecturer, and in 1770 he became a professor. Kant felt he had to adhere to a very strict schedule during his years as a professor. He would get up shortly before five in the morning and spent an hour drinking tea, smoking a pipe, and thinking over his day’s work. From six to seven he prepared his lecture, which would begin at seven or eight and lasted until nine or ten. After his lecture he would devote himself to writing until the midday meal. He always had company for his midday meal and it would always last several hours because he enjoyed conversation. After the meal he would take a walk for an hour or so and his evenings were devoted to reading and reflection. He would go to bed at ten o’clock. Besides his writings, he became famous for his schedule. Kant’s most striking character trait was probably his moral earnestness and his devotion to the idea of duty. He was a sociable man and was also kindly and benevolent. He was never rich but he was careful in money matters. He regularly assisted a number of poor people. He was a sincere and loyal friend and his conduct was marked by courtesy and respect for others. For 15 years after completing his doctorate he taught at the university where he lectured on science and math, but eventually he expanded his field to cover almost all branches of philosophy. Kant was an amazing orator and was internationally famous for his lectures. His main goal in philosophical courses was to stimulate his listeners to â€Å"stand on their own feet† as he put it. He was appointed to a regular chair of philosophy at the University at the age of 46 in 1770. He was made the professor of logics and metaphysics. He came into conflict with Prussia’s government due to his unorthodox religious teachings. In 1792, the King of Prussia, Frederick William II, forbade Kant to teach or write on religious teachings. He obeyed the king’s order until William II died. In 1798, the year following his retirement from the University, Kant published a summary of his religious views. He died on February 12, 1804. During his lifetime, Kant produced many writings. Scholars usually divide his literary career into two periods: the Pre-critical period and the Critical period. During the Pre-critical period, 1747 to 1781, he wrote many non-fictional works and criticisms. Some of them were â€Å"Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces†, â€Å"On Fire†, â€Å"A New Explanation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Knowledge†, and â€Å"On the Forms and Principles of the Sensible and Intelligible World†. From 1770 to 1780, he mainly worked on preparing â€Å"The Critique of Pure Reason†. The Critical period lasted from 1781 to 1794. During this period, he wrote â€Å"The Critique of Pure Reason† in 1781, and â€Å"Foundation for the Metaphysics of Ethics† in 1785. Following the critical works, Kant published â€Å"Critique of Practical Reason†, â€Å"Critique of Judgment†, and â€Å"Religion within the Limits of Mere Reason†. Three main discussions of Kant are Duty, the Formula of the End, and the Kingdom of Ethics. Kant feels that we act morally when we do our duty, however it is important to distinguish between acting according to duty and acting from duty. Acting according to duty is when someone else has imposed the duty. This is an example of heteronymous will. An example of this is Adolf Eichmann, a German nazi general of WWII, who formulated the ‘final solution’. He said that according to Kant, he acted morally, since he was following orders, as it was his duty to do so. This is wrong because Kant says that we are only acting morally if we act from duty, as dictated by our innate reason. This is an example of autonomous will. Along with duty is the difference between the Categorical Imperative and the Hypothetical Imperative. Imperatives in general are commands that dictate a particular course of action, such as â€Å"you shall clean your room. † Hypothetical Imperatives are commands that depend on my preference for a particular end, and are stated in conditional form. The Categorical Imperative, Kant argues, are moral actions based on a â€Å"supreme principle of morality† which is objective, rational, freely chosen, and it is not conditional upon one’s preferences. Therefore the Categorical Imperative can be the only possible standard of moral obligation. An example of this is two grocers in a town are John and Joe. John wants to keep his trade, so he insists on selling the best goods, giving the best service, being friendly and polite, and offering value for money. Joe does the same, not to keep his trade, but because it is what he should do. According to Kant, even though the actions are the same, John is acting immorally, according to the Hypothetical Imperative, while Joe is acting morally, according to the Categorical Imperative. For Kant, the act is not important. As long as you are acting from duty and the motive is right, the act must be right. However, the Principles of Universalisability puts a twist on this. It states that if an action is applied to everyone, and everybody did what you were about to do, it became immoral or hypocritical, and then your act would be immoral. The Formula of the End deals with ends and means. Kant states that you must not treat people as means to your own end, but as ends in themselves. It would be similar to Christianity’s ‘Golden Rule’ except for the Universalisability Principle. The example of this is suicide. The ‘Golden Rule’ does not apply in this case, because when a person commits suicide, he does not treat others in ways he would want to be treated. He does not treat them at all, because he only treats himself. The Kingdom of Ethics states that human beings, because they are rational (use reason), possess inherent value. This means that they are ends in themselves. Their value is intrinsic, not instrumental. Kant feels that no rule of conduct, which applies to all human beings, can sanction actions favoring one person over another or agree to conduct where one person treats another as a means to an end. To do so is to demean oneself and the entire human race. Kant’s ethics are founded in and based on respect for persons. In following a certain course of moral action, regardless of inclination, a person is enacting a Kingdom of Ethics. Along with ethics is the idea of good will. Kant believes that it is wrong to intentionally break a promise that you have made with a person. He feels that good will is a pure duty outlook that disregards consequences entirely. He says that a good will is a wanting, which is informed by reason. It is a wanting which stems, not from inclination, but from duty. Kant says space and time are not concepts but that they are forms of intuition. He spends a lot of time showing the fallacies that arise from applying space and time to things that are not experienced. Kant agrees with David Hume in believing passion brings man morality. He feels that reason is only the comparing of ideas, and that reason will influence us away from our influences. The cultivation of reason is required for the purpose, and the purpose leads to happiness, therefore reason is compatible with happiness. Kant believed that reason connected us directly to things-in-themselves. He feels that we possess two sources of input that can serve as such datum. These are physical sensation and the sense of moral duty. Physical sensation starts an application of reason to experience, creating the perception of phenomenal objects. The supreme rational example of this is science. The sense of moral duty begins an application of reason that produces ethics and religion. The supreme rational example of this is the â€Å"Postulates of Practical Reason† the â€Å"Ideas† of God, freedom, and immortality, which to Kant are required as conditions of the Moral Law. Kant tries to demolish all the purely intellectual proofs of the existence of God. He makes it clear that he has other reasons for believing in God that he talks about later. God, freedom, and immortality are the three ideas of reason according to Kant. The differences between reality as seen in science, and reality as seen in morality and religion show that there are points to existence that are not revealed by either one alone. The two aspects are unequal. Magnitude and religion have a much more limited rational content, returning to many of the same questions over and over again. These include the ultimate questions about the meaning of life and existence, as well as the questions on how to live. Kant was led to characterize his system as transcendental idealism, so that we have a questioned representation of things, since our moral datum does not lead to direct knowledge of things that we are able to conceive, like God. This is because we do not have the real intuition that we have of physical objects. The reality shown by morality is a matter of faith for Kant. This is an inference from the Moral Law. This way, â€Å"transcendental idealism† is different form â€Å"subjective idealism† and â€Å"objective idealism†, since they both show certainties about the ultimate nature of things. The nature of things that we cannot know about concretely is revealed in science. Kant’s theory of empirical realism stresses that phenomena are undoubtedly mental contents. He feels that it is natural and easy to infer from this a â€Å"transcendental realism where â€Å"real† objects, which are not mental objects, are things we do not experience. At the age of 69, Kant wrote an essay on religion that is considered the boldest of all his writings. He said that churches have value only in that they assist the moral development of the race. He went on to say that when mere ceremonies usurp priority over moral excellence as a test of religion, religion has disappeared. He believed that the real church is a community of people, however scattered and divided, who are united by devotion to the common moral law. He thought the creed and ritual had replaced the good life and that instead of men being bound together by religion, they are divided into a thousand sects. He went on to say that a perversion is reached when the church becomes an instrument of the government and the clergy, whose function is to console and guide a harassed humanity with religious faith and hope and charity, are made the tools of political oppression. He said that miracles cannot prove a religion because we can never rely on the testimony which supports them, and that prayer is useless as it aims at a suspension of the natural laws that hold for all experience. A priori judgments are made outside of experience. â€Å"The sky is blue† is an a posteriori judgment (made on the basis of sensory experience). â€Å"I exist† is an a priori truth, which remains unchanged even if all of our senses are deceived. Analytic statements are true based only on the meanings of words. The only thing needed to determine truth is a dictionary. Synthetic statements cannot be judged like analytic statements. â€Å"My dog has black spots† is a synthetic statement. The truth cannot be determined since my dog is not known. The truth is not dependent on word meanings, but on if it corresponds with the world. Causality is applied to perception and concepts which are applicable to perception, Kant calls Categories. There are a total of twelve Categories. Kant says that the categories are patterns of understanding by which we examine structure and understand the things that we experience. Synthetic a priori judgments consist in applying the Categories to sensory information in space and time, or the â€Å"perceptual manifold. † Application of the Categories allows people to realize physical objects as capable of casual relations and interactions with other objects. Categories cannot be applied to knowledge or things that exist apart from space and time like things-in-themselves. Kant derives the Ideas from the possible forms of logical inference. When we assume that this potentially infinite series is given in its whole, an Idea is formed. Kant recognized three Ideas. The first is of the absolute unity of the thinking subject. The second is of the absolute unity of the order of the conditions of appearance. The third is of the absolute unity of the conditions of thought in general. The first Idea provides a subject matter of speculative psychology. The second is one of speculative cosmology, while the third is one of speculative theology. These are all metaphysical knowledge of matters of fact from synthetic a priori principles. Kant’s Ideas are really all about metaphysical paradoxes (Antimony of space and time) in its entirety, an unconditioned whole. Kant believes that all these matters are open to clarification and development. He also believes that the mind produces the world it knows. To understand â€Å"The Critique†, Kant’s logical system must be understood. He divides all judgments into analytic or synthetic judgments and a priori or a posteriori judgments. Judgments about empirical matters are synthetic, which can be denied without any contradiction. A priori judgments are free from experience. All analytic judgments are a priori. Therefore judgments are split up into three classes: analytic a priori, synthetic a posteriori, and synthetic a priori. One of his points made in â€Å"The Critique† is to show how synthetic a priori judgments occur in pure mathematics and natural science. Critique is not really a criticism, but a critical analysis where Kant is not attacking â€Å"pure reason† except to show its limitations. Rather he hopes to show its possibility and to exalt it above the impure knowledge which comes to us through the distorting channels of sense. He is trying to show that knowledge is not all derived from the senses. Kant distinguished between perceiving and thinking, which are from two distinct faculties of the mind, sense and understanding. There are three types of concepts. A posteriori concepts are taken from sense perception and are applicable to it, while Ideas are free of all sense perception. From Kant we know that every event must have a cause. This is possible only on the condition that objects must be subjected to the concepts of human understanding. He said that not all knowledge is gained through experience. It is possible to gain knowledge from sense-experience. That is that you can learn by seeing things that are not experienced but rather come from logic. â€Å"The Critique of Pure Reason†, published in 1781, is a synthesis of rationalism and empiricism. In order to understand Kant’s position and orthodox teachings, we must first understand the philosophical background that he was reacting to. There were two major historical movements in the early modern period of philosophy that had a significant impact on Kant: Empiricism and Rationalism. Kant argued that both the content and method of these philosophies contained serious flaws. A central problem for philosophers in both movements was determining how we can escape from within the confines of the human mind and the immediately knowable content of our thoughts to acquire knowledge of the world outside of us. The Empiricists sought to accomplish this through the senses and a posteriori reasoning. Empiricists such as John Locke argued that human knowledge originates in our sensations or experiences. Locke argued that the mind was a blank slate, or a â€Å"Tabula Rasa†, upon which our experiences writes and that experience teaches us everything. The Rationalists attempted to use a prori reasoning to build the necessary bridge. The Rationalists, principally Descartes, approached the problems of human knowledge from another angle. The Rationalists believed that the mind was the source of knowledge and that sense-data from our experiences only trigger the knowledge already in the mind. Kant’s answer to the two positions changed the face of philosophy. Both of these in themselves, he believed, gave a one-sided view of knowledge. Kant believed that there was more to knowledge then just experience. He believed that the mind gave us knowledge through the â€Å"categories†. That experience is going to trigger the knowledge or categories that are innate to all of us. So he would say that there is nothing that we could not know or learn because we already have the categories in the mind. Kant believed that nations would not really be civilized until all standing armies are abolished. He stated that standing armies cause states to try to outdo each other with the number of armed men each has. Because of the expense of the armies, peace becomes in the long run more oppressive than a short war; and standing armies are the cause of aggressive wars undertaken in order to get rid of this burden. Kant felt that much militarism was due to the expansion of Europe into America and Africa and Asia. He believed that if democracy was established and that everyone shared in political power, the spoils of international robbery would have to be subdivided as to constitute a resistible temptation. Kant said when those who must do the fighting have the right to decide between war and peace, history will no longer be written in blood. Many philosophers were influenced by prior philosophers. Berkeley was, for Kant, the characteristic â€Å"idealist† and an empiricist. Descartes, on the other hand, was a â€Å"realist† believing that objects exist separately from us. He also thought that we could only know their essences through â€Å"clear and distinct† innate ideas. This made him a â€Å"transcendental† realist. Kant’s thoughts were mainly influenced by the rationalism of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, Christian Wolff, and the empiricism of David Hume. The reason I chose Immanuel Kant to research is because not only of his philosophical views but also because of his interests in scientific issues. He was interested in virtually every aspect of human experience. While researching him I became impressed with his views on war, especially that if we allowed the people who have to do the fighting to make the decision about war, we would have peace. I agree that sometimes the government makes the decisions that doesn’t represent what the people want. I was also impressed with his views on religion, how the churches become instruments in the hands of the government and the clergy become tools of politics. Since Kant’s thought is truly the basis of modern philosophy, it is still a main point of departure for the 21st century.